A Xoxoday Whitepaper · Real Estate & Workspace

For real estate CEOs, CFOs, CHROs, CMOs, and Sales leadership

The Rewards Architecture for Real Estate

Six rewards plays, one platform, and how to govern the 4-5% of sales value they consume from one CFO dashboard

4-5%

of sale value spent on rewards

6+

stakeholder groups rewarded

7-8

disconnected systems today

01 · The Thesis

A real estate company is, at the margin, a rewards company.

Developers spend 4-5% of total sales value on rewards, incentives, and recognition: customer campaigns from marketing, broker payouts from sales, referral fees to informal introducers, and recognition and benefits for employees. For a developer with $500M in annual bookings, that is $20-25M moving through seven or eight disconnected systems owned by four or five department heads.

Marketing sees the customer campaigns. Sales sees the broker payouts. HR sees employee recognition and benefits. Finance sees the vendor invoices for all four. The CFO sees the aggregate line item but never the individual lever.

The Opportunity

Not to spend less, but to spend the same amount with proportionally better outcomes: by routing all six programs through one rules engine, one catalog, one ledger, and one CFO dashboard.

Why real estate is a structurally complex rewards environment

Real estate sits at the intersection of large ticket sizes, long purchase cycles, and a channel-led distribution model. Each of those structural features produces its own reward logic, and none of those logics should live in a spreadsheet.

Structural causeWhat it produces
Ticket sizes from $300K to $3M+High-value, low-frequency rewards that must be governed carefully, not left to sales discretion
6-18 month purchase cycleA long nurture window where trigger-based rewards keep prospects engaged between the first enquiry and the signed contract
Channel-led distributionBrokers and agents drive 40-70% of bookings: a broker loyalty program is not optional, it is the primary growth lever
High word-of-mouth weightA single satisfied buyer or informal referrer can be worth more than a paid marketing channel
Long employee tenure expectationSite and project teams need recognition programs built for multi-year retention, not quarterly churn
Each department procures separatelyMarketing, sales, and HR each run their own vendor relationships for functionally the same infrastructure

The Structural Insight

The 4-5% spend is not the problem. The problem is that it is split across Marketing (customer campaigns), Sales (broker payouts), HR (employee R&R and benefits), and Finance (vendor benefits), with no shared rules engine, no shared catalog, and no shared view of what each dollar is returning. The result: duplicated vendors, broker payout disputes, and a CFO who cannot answer the board's question about reward ROI.

02 · The Solution Map

Six plays, one platform, one CFO dashboard

The approach is not to add a seventh tool. It is to absorb the rewards logic of all six programs into one rules engine, letting each department continue to own its program, while giving the company one shared catalog, one shared ledger, and one shared view of spend.

The six solutions fall into three natural families: Customer programs (owned by Marketing and CRM), Channel & Referral programs (owned by Sales), and Employee programs (owned by HR).

Family A · Customers

  • 01 · Customer Reward Program
  • 02 · Customer Loyalty Program

Family B · Channel & Referral

  • 03 · Broker & Agent Loyalty
  • 04 · Referral Reward Program

Family C · Employees

  • 05 · Employee R&R
  • 06 · Benefits Marketplace
  • 07 · Extended Stack
#SolutionStakeholderOwnerConnected system
01Customer Reward ProgramProspectsMarketing / Pre-salesCRM
02Customer Loyalty ProgramBooked customersCRM / CXCRM + ERP
03Broker & Agent LoyaltyChannel partnersSalesCRM + Payouts
04Referral Reward ProgramCPAs, advisors, referrersMarketing / SalesCRM + WhatsApp/SMS
05Employee Recognition & RewardsAll employeesHRHRMS + Slack/Teams
06Employee Benefits MarketplaceAll employeesHR / C&BHRMS + third-party benefits
07Extending the Employee StackAll employeesHR / TA / C&BHRMS, ATS, courier

Shared Infrastructure · Built once, used by all seven programs

Catalog

20,000+ SKUs

Rules Engine

no-code logic

Ledger

audit + recon

Comms

SMS · WhatsApp · email

Integrations

CRM · HRMS · ERP

Analytics

per-program ROI

six programs, three departments, running on one shared infrastructure: surfaced to leadership as a single CFO dashboard

What each program is worth, illustratively

For a developer with $500M in annual bookings and the typical 4-5% rewards spend, the six levers carry very different commercial weight. Treating them as a single portfolio is what allows leadership to shift weight from low-ROI to high-ROI without changing the headline spend.

LeverIndicative spendWhy it matters
Broker & agent loyalty$8-10M (varies by channel mix)The largest single line where brokers drive 40-70% of bookings; the highest-ROI lever in most portfolios
Customer reward program$2-4MConverts leads through a 6-18 month cycle; the difference between an enquiry and a signed contract
Customer loyalty program$1.5-2.5MCompounds over 24-36 months from booking to closing; drives referrals and repeat purchases
Referral reward program$0.8-1.2MThe highest ROI lever: near-zero-friction rewards for CPAs, advisors, and informal referrers
Employee R&R$4-6MStandard but measurably improves eNPS, offer acceptance rates, and 12-month retention
Employee benefits marketplace$0.5-1MCloses the perception gap between salary and total rewards without inflating cash compensation

Solution 01 · Prospects · Marketing-owned

Customer Reward Program

Trigger-based incentives that move leads through the funnel: from first enquiry to first payment

A real estate buying decision unfolds over 6-18 months across a predictable sequence of moments: enquiry, site visit, shortlist, booking, and first payment. Each moment is a natural trigger for a small, well-timed reward that keeps the prospect engaged and moving forward, rather than going cold between touchpoints.

The prospect journey

Prospect journey · Trigger-and-reward map

1

Enquiry

Day 0

Welcome message

2

Site Visit

Day 5

Rideshare credit · $25-50

3

Shortlist

Day 30

Nurture gift · $75-150

4

Booking

Day 60

Gift card / upgrade credit

5

First Payment

Day 75

Furnishing voucher

five moments, five triggers, five rewards: all fired automatically from CRM stage changes

Trigger-and-reward combinations

TriggerRewardTypical value
Site visit bookedRideshare credit$25-50
Site visit completedWelcome kit$75-150
Booking deposit paid by month-endGift card, merchandise, or discount$2,000-4,000
Existing customer refers a friendCash, points, or experience$1,200-5,000
Seasonal launch bookingFurnishing credit or travel voucher$2,500-10,000
Premium configuration upgradeExperience reward$1,500-5,000

Worked example: a suburban developer's site-visit campaign

The Martinez family, Denver metro

Tuesday 10:42am: The Martinez family submits an enquiry for a 3-bedroom unit through the developer's website. The reward rule fires automatically: a welcome text with a $30 rideshare credit for booking a site visit.

Thursday: They book and complete a site visit. A welcome kit ($100 in home-goods vouchers) ships automatically, triggered by the CRM stage change to “visit completed.”

Saturday 12:30pm: The welcome kit is dispatched. Total campaign cost so far: approximately $130, entirely rules-driven, with zero manual intervention by the marketing team.

How Marketing configures it

A no-code logic board lets the marketing team set the trigger (CRM stage change), the reward (from a 20,000+ SKU catalog), the value tier (by project or unit type), and the approval threshold, all without an engineering ticket.

Solution 02 · Booked customers · CRM-owned

Customer Loyalty Program

A structured points-and-tiers program that compounds over the 24-36 months from booking to closing, and beyond

Once a customer books, the relationship does not end: it enters a 24-36 month window of construction milestones, payment installments, and eventually possession. A structured loyalty program turns that window into a compounding source of referrals, upsells, and advocacy rather than a period of silence between the booking and the keys.

The 24-month loyalty arc

24-month loyalty arc · Booking to closing

10,000 pts

M0

Booking

+2,500 pts

M3

Slab cast

+5,000 pts

M7

Payment streak

+25,000 pts

M14

Referral

+15,000 pts

M23

Closing

Silver → Gold → Platinum: tier moves automatically on payment streaks, referrals, and construction milestones

Earn moments

  • Installment paid on schedule: bonus points credited automatically
  • Construction milestone reached: celebratory points and a status update
  • Birthday or anniversary: a personalized gift from the catalog
  • Customer refers a buyer who books: a large points credit
  • Customer books a second unit: an automatic tier jump

Redemption, sized to the asset

Redemption catalogs for real estate loyalty programs work best when they are sized to the purchase itself: interior design and appliance credits, closing-cost waivers, parking upgrades, clubhouse memberships, family experiences, and maintenance credits, rather than generic low-value merchandise.

Worked example: the Ortiz family, Charlotte, NC

A 23-month arc

Month 0 · Booking: Silver tier, 10,000 points on deposit.

Month 7 · On-time payment streak: Gold tier, +5,000 points.

Month 14 · Referral: A friend books after the Ortiz referral; Platinum tier, +25,000 points, plus a $500 referral credit.

Month 23 · Closing: +15,000 points and a $1,500 interior-design credit, redeemed directly with the developer's design partner.


Solution 03 · Channel partners · Sales-owned

Broker & Agent Loyalty Program

Gamified channel incentives that convert commission checks into long-term commitment

Brokers and agents drive 40-70% of bookings at most developers, and their loyalty is earned through more than commission rate alone. A modern broker program gives them a live dashboard, a tiered structure, fast payouts, and recognition, the system advantage that a commission-only competitor cannot easily replicate.

What a modern broker program gives them

Marcus Reyes · Austin Metro · Independent Broker

Gold Tier

This quarter · Closings

5 of 8

3 more to Platinum

Commission pipeline

$42,000

paid in 7 days vs 21-day industry avg

Days left in scheme

27

fall promotion ends Oct 31

AI nudge

Fall promotion live: 1.5x commission on closings before Oct 31. Early access now open on 12 units in Building B.

Regional leaderboard

1 · Dana Whitfield11 closings
2 · Sam Osei8 closings
3 · Leah Farrow7 closings
4 · You (Marcus)5 closings

Platinum perks unlocked

Early inventory access

Founder dinner invite

Branded merchandise kit

one screen a broker checks daily: tier progress, commission pipeline, live scheme, and leaderboard standing
CapabilityWhat it means for the broker
Live broker dashboardReal-time visibility into tier progress, commission pipeline, and active schemes
Tiered structureBronze through Platinum, with clear thresholds and unlocked perks at each level
AI nudges and notificationsTimely prompts on active promotions and pipeline opportunities
Fast, automated commission payoutsPaid in days, not weeks, with full visibility into the calculation
On-the-fly scheme launchesSeasonal and project-specific promotions launched without a system migration
Leaderboards and recognitionQuarterly top-broker awards, founder dinners, and branded merchandise

Worked example: turning a Silver broker into a Platinum broker

Marcus Reyes, independent broker, Austin metro

Q1 baseline: 3 closings, approximately $2.4M in value, at Silver tier and 1.5% commission.

Mid-Q2: An AI nudge flags two warm opportunities in his pipeline nearing decision stage.

End of Q2: He closes his 5th deal, automatically upgraded to Gold, and receives a $600 bonus voucher.

Q3 onward: Gold status unlocks early access to a new building phase before it is publicly listed.

Why this is not just about the commission

A 0.25 percentage-point commission lift on a $800K closing is worth $2,000. What moves brokers durably is the system advantage: speed of payout, early inventory access, and public recognition, none of which a competitor can match by adjusting a commission rate alone.

Solution 04 · Referrers · Marketing/Sales-owned

Referral Reward Program

A text-and-WhatsApp-first engine that turns CPAs, financial advisors, and informal referrers into a distributed lead-generation network

Accountants, wealth advisors, attorneys, interior designers, and even former employees regularly encounter people who are house-hunting. Most will never become licensed brokers and will never download a dedicated app, but they will refer a prospect for a near-zero-friction reward delivered where they already are: a text message.

The flow: text-first, deliberately

01

Zero-friction capture

The referrer texts a name and phone number to a branded number. No app download, no login.

02

Status-driven rewards

A small reward at site visit, a larger reward at booking, the largest at closing

03

Developer CRM sync

Every referral logs automatically as a CRM lead, tagged to the referrer and the project

Sample exchange · SMS/WhatsApp referral bot

“Referring the Nguyen family for the Riverline 3-bed” → Lead logged

“The Nguyens visited today. $50 credited to you.”

“Booking confirmed. $1,400 transferred. 1099 handled automatically.”

CPAs, financial advisors, attorneys, and informal referrers who will never become brokers, but will refer for a near-zero-friction reward

Worked example: the CPA who became a top-5 lead source

Jordan Ellis, CPA, Denver

Month 1: Jordan refers one client via text. No app, no login.

Month 2: The referred client visits a project. $50 is credited to Jordan automatically.

Month 4: The client books a $650,000 unit. Jordan receives $1,400, with 1099 reporting handled automatically at the platform level.

Month 6 onward: Jordan refers regularly, 3-4 prospects per quarter. A holiday booster doubling rewards drives 7 leads in one month.

Tax and compliance handled at source

Referral payouts above the IRS reporting threshold trigger automatic 1099-NEC generation and W-9 collection at onboarding. Where a referrer is a registered business rather than an individual, applicable sales tax and invoicing are handled the same way, without a manual Finance step for every payout.

Solution 05 · Employees · HR-owned

Employee Recognition & Rewards

An always-on R&R engine that recognizes performance, tenure, milestones, and peer-to-peer moments, inside the tools employees already use

A real estate company's workforce spans head-office staff (sales, marketing, finance, HR) and a distributed site workforce (project engineers, site supervisors, project managers, and site sales agents). Both groups need recognition, and the site workforce especially, because they are furthest from head office and most likely to feel invisible.

Recognition, live in the channel

#kudos · Slack/Teams recognition channel

Manager BotDavid Park

completes 5 years today - recognize him

+$150 · Long-service award

Priya NairAnthony Cruz

“Helped me unblock the Rivera escalation yesterday”

+$25 · Peer kudos

Sales HeadWhole team

Top Sales Executive (Austin) - Marcus Reyes

+$750 · Monthly award

recognition inside the tools employees already use: no separate app, no adoption problem

Recognition surface area

MomentExample
Monthly/quarterly performanceTop sales executive, top site supervisor
Spot and trigger-basedA critical issue resolved well, a major contract closed
Long-service awards3, 5, 10, and 15-year milestones
Birthdays, anniversaries, and seasonal giftingAutomated from the HRMS calendar
Peer-to-peer recognitionAny employee recognizing any other with a small reward
Referrals and engagementParticipation rewards for surveys and hiring referrals

Where it lives

The program integrates directly with the HRMS platforms real estate companies already run (Workday, SAP SuccessFactors, BambooHR, Rippling, ADP) and with Slack, Microsoft Teams, or Google Chat via SSO, so recognition happens inside the tools employees already open every day.


Solution 06 · Employees · HR/Compensation-owned

Employee Benefits Marketplace

A curated, white-labelled storefront that consolidates the dozen vendors HR already deals with into one branded experience

Most real estate employers manage benefits through irregular mailers, posters, and PDFs nobody opens, while insurance brokers, gym chains, restaurant aggregators, and car-leasing firms all pitch HR separately. A centralized marketplace lets HR self-onboard vendors, customize visibility by grade or region, and track usage instead of guessing at adoption.

What goes in the marketplace

Benefits marketplace · Employee view

12,400 points available

Mobility

Car leasing, fuel cards, EV charging partners

12 partners

Insurance

Health top-ups, term life, critical illness

8 partners

Wellness

Gym chains, telemedicine, mental health apps

9 partners

Lifestyle

Dining, retail, and electronics discounts

22 partners

Learning

Professional certifications, coaching, language apps

6 partners

Family

Childcare, school-fee partners, elder care

7 partners

one branded storefront consolidating the dozen vendors HR already deals with, up 38% in usage over six months

What changes for the HR team

BeforeAfter
Vendor onboardingWeeks of back-and-forth, one email blastOnboarded in 2 days, targeted broadcasts
Usage visibilityUnknown; most employees miss the offerLive dashboard, tracked usage and savings
Renewal leverageRenews blind, no usage data to negotiate with234 employees signed up, 67% active, $300/employee/quarter average saved
Total rewards is no longer just salary plus bonus. A marketplace closes the perception gap without inflating cash compensation.

Solution 07 · Employees · HR/TA/Compensation-owned

Extending the Employee Stack

Three programs that the same platform powers without adding a single vendor: a swag store, an AI-driven hiring referral engine, and physical fulfillment for milestone moments

07A · Employee Swag Store

A white-labelled branded merchandise storefront supporting individual orders (redeemed with R&R points or a payroll deduction, 5-7 day fulfillment), team-based distributions (a manager places one bulk order across multiple addresses), and bulk corporate orders (new-hire kits, project-launch giveaways, invoiced for tax purposes).

07B · Hiring Referral Program (AI-driven)

Distinct from the customer-facing referral program in Solution 04, this is a hiring referral engine that runs over text or WhatsApp: candidate capture and de-duplication against the ATS, bot-driven candidate consent and profile collection pushed into systems like Workday or Greenhouse, and stage-based rewards.

MilestoneReward
Referred candidate shortlisted$50, credited within 48 hours
Referred candidate accepts offer$200
Referred candidate completes 30/90-day probation$1,000-3,000, with 1099 reporting for non-employee referrers

A referral channel converting at 3x the rate of job-board leads is a structural saving on agency fees and time-to-fill.

07C · Long Service Awards & Joining Kits (Physical Fulfillment)

Curated keepsake boxes for 5, 10, 15, and 20-year milestones and new-hire welcome kits, both triggered automatically from the HRMS with the address pulled from HRIS records. HR sees a fulfillment dashboard, not 200 individual courier receipts.

Why these belong on the same platform

The marginal cost of adding a swag store or physical fulfillment is close to zero once the catalog, HRIS integration, comms, and ledger are already shared across the other six programs.

03 · The Unifying Layer

The CFO & CEO command center: six levers, one control room

This is the part that moves the C-suite. Each of the six programs is, in CFO terms, a lever: a budget input with a measurable commercial output. A modern rewards architecture turns each lever into an instrument leadership can read, compare, and adjust. The command center sits above all six.

CapabilityWhat it means in practice
Per-lever ROIFor every dollar spent: bookings influenced, broker retention, referral conversion, employee retention
Live budget controlsAdjust caps, multipliers, or thresholds on any program in real time: no IT ticket required
Scenario simulator"What happens to bookings if I move 10% from broker payouts into customer referrals?" Modeled before committing.
AI recommendationsPattern-based nudges: flagging under-performing spend, identifying high-leverage shifts
Reward liability ledgerUnredeemed points, pending payouts, and accrued obligations: live, auditable, ready for quarter-end close
Drill-down to sourceFrom a portfolio number down to a single campaign, project, region, or transaction in two clicks

A representative command center · Q3 FY26 · All values indicative

Command Center · Q3 FY26 · Live

All values indicative

01 · Customer Rewards

$3.1M 4.2x ROI

▲ 12% QoQ

Total Rewards Spend

$22M

4.6% of $480M annual bookings

$290M

Revenue influenced

$2.9M

Reward liability

$480K

AI invest rec.

2 clicks

Drill to source

02 · Customer Loyalty

$2.0M 2.9x ROI

▲ 15% QoQ

03 · Broker Loyalty

$9.4M 5.8x ROI

best ROI lever

04 · Referral Program

$1.1M 7.1x ROI

highest ROI

05 · Employee R&R

$5.7M

▲ retention +9 pp

06 · Benefits

$600K 62% usage

▲ 11% QoQ

six levers around one dashboard: AI recommendations reviewed weekly; live simulation projects impact before any budget moves

Why this usually pays for itself

Within 90 days of a centralized command center, developers typically find 8-15% of rewards spend going to programs with no measurable impact: usually inherited from a previous vendor relationship and never reviewed for ROI. Reallocating that spend to higher-ROI levers, typically broker loyalty and referral rewards, more than covers the platform cost in year one.

Governance, Tax & Compliance

Built for audit, not for trust

Real estate rewards programs sit at the intersection of employee compensation rules, independent contractor tax reporting for brokers and referrers, and multi-jurisdiction data privacy requirements. The rewards platform must be built to pass any audit on any of these dimensions.

Tax compliance framework

Recipient typeTax treatmentPlatform responsibility
Brokers and independent referrersReported on Form 1099-NEC for anyone earning $600 or more in the calendar yearW-9 collected at onboarding; 1099-NEC generated and filed electronically by January 31
EmployeesBonuses, spot rewards, and gift values above $25 are taxable compensation; included in W-2 Box 1HRMS integration ensures all taxable benefits are reported in payroll gross
Non-cash awardsIRS de minimis fringe benefit rules apply (typically under $75 per occasion); above that, included in gross incomePlatform flags awards above threshold; manager prompted to classify correctly before issuance
Customer rewardsGenerally not taxable to the customer as a purchase incentive, subject to jurisdiction-specific rulesPlatform maintains jurisdiction-specific rule sets, reviewed quarterly

Data compliance

  • CCPA and state privacy laws: customer and broker data collected for rewards purposes is disclosed at onboarding and covered by the platform's data processing agreement
  • SOC 2 Type II: annual third-party audit of security controls covering confidentiality, availability, and processing integrity
  • GDPR and international data residency: for developers with cross-border buyers or workspace operations, local data residency rules are honored by jurisdiction
  • PCI DSS: gift card and payment disbursement infrastructure is PCI DSS Level 1 certified

Maker-checker and audit trail

Every payout rule is documented in the rules engine. Every change to a rule requires a second approver. Every disbursement is traceable from the triggering event (site visit completed, contract signed, tenure milestone reached) to the payment record, exportable on demand for internal finance close or external audit. No payout above a configurable threshold can be issued without manager authorization.


04 · Why Xoxoday

A platform that already runs each of these plays at enterprise scale

Xoxoday operates all six programs on shared infrastructure across 100+ countries. The catalog, rules engine, ledger, and reconciliation that power broker loyalty at a residential developer also power employee recognition at a commercial workspace operator.

DimensionXoxoday
Years in market13 (founded 2012)
Enterprise customers5,000+
End-users served60M+
Countries served100+
Catalog SKUs20,000+ : gift cards, experiences, merchandise, electronics, travel
Integrations40+ HRMS, 25+ CRMs (Salesforce, HubSpot, Zoho, Pipedrive), Slack/Teams, WhatsApp/SMS, ERP
ComplianceSOC 2 Type II · ISO 27001 · GDPR · CCPA · multi-jurisdiction data residency
Reward deliveryAPI-first, instant fulfillment, multi-country reconciliation, 1099/W-2 tax reporting
The reason a real estate company needs one platform across six programs, rather than seven tools, is the same reason a CFO needs one P&L rather than seven departmental ledgers. The whole is more informative than the sum.

Leading multi-family and single-family developers, commercial real estate firms, and workspace operators across North America, Europe, and the Middle East run one or more of the six programs in this paper on Xoxoday's platform.

Real estate-specific capabilities

  • CRM-agnostic: Salesforce, HubSpot, Zoho, Pipedrive, and custom API integrations
  • Text and WhatsApp-native: bots with verified business templates for referral and prospect flows
  • High-value SKU sourcing: premium electronics, luxury travel, and dining experiences sized to real estate ticket values
  • Tax and statutory handling: 1099-NEC for brokers and referrers, W-2 integration for employee rewards, sales tax on B2B vendor catalogs where applicable
  • Maker-checker workflows: material approvals, large payouts, and full audit trail
  • Reward liability ledger: live valuation, breakage assumption monitoring, audit-ready reports
  • Multi-entity, multi-currency: for developers and workspace operators running cross-border operations with local data residency where required

05 · Getting Started

A phased path: start with one program, expand as ROI proves out

The right starting point depends on which department's pain is most acute. For most real estate companies, we recommend anchoring with broker loyalty or the customer reward program, whichever pain is most acute, then expanding in a structured 12-month sequence.

Phase 01 · Anchor Program · Months 1-3

Pick the highest-pain lever

Joint design workshop with the Head of Sales or CMO, CRM integration, and a pilot launch in one project or region. Baseline measurement before launch so the post-launch numbers are defensible.

Phase 02 · Second & Third Program · Months 4-7

Add the adjacent programs that share data

Broker loyalty and the referral program share the CRM data model already in place from Phase 01. Or add customer rewards and customer loyalty together: shared catalog economics compound, and comms infrastructure is reused.

Phase 03 · Employee Layer + CFO Dashboard · Months 8-12

Light up the command center

Add employee R&R, the benefits marketplace, the swag store, and physical fulfillment. Light up the CFO/CEO dashboard once at least four programs flow through the platform, alongside the first AI-driven reallocation recommendations.

Suggested next steps

  • A 60-minute discovery call with the cross-functional team: CMO, Head of Sales, CHRO, and a CFO representative, to identify the right anchor program and integration starting point
  • A live platform walk-through with reference customer stories from the real estate and workspace vertical
  • A one-page scoping recommendation at the end of discovery: phasing, integration scope, and commercials
Real estate companies do not have a rewards problem. They have a rewards architecture problem, and that one is worth solving.